Gothic cathedrals are large, impressive churches built during the Middle Ages, primarily from the 12th to the 16th centuries. They are characterized by their pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses, which allowed for taller structures and larger windows. These features not only provided stability but also created a sense of verticality and light within the buildings. The stained glass windows of Gothic cathedrals often depict biblical stories and saints, adding to their beauty and spiritual significance. Famous examples include the Notre-Dame Cathedral in Paris and the Chartres Cathedral in France. These architectural masterpieces reflect the artistic and religious aspirations of their time.