Geological catastrophes are natural events that cause significant changes to the Earth's surface and can lead to destruction. Examples include earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and tsunamis. These events often result from the movement of tectonic plates, which can create intense pressure and release energy suddenly. The impact of geological catastrophes can be devastating, affecting ecosystems and human populations. For instance, a major earthquake can lead to building collapses, while a volcanic eruption can spew ash and lava, altering landscapes. Understanding these phenomena helps scientists predict and mitigate their effects on communities.