Lower Saxony is a federal state in northwestern Germany, bordered by the North Sea to the northwest. The landscape features a mix of flat plains, rolling hills, and river valleys, with the Weser and Elbe rivers being significant waterways. The region is known for its agricultural land, forests, and nature reserves, contributing to its diverse ecosystems. The state includes several notable cities, such as Hanover, the capital, and Göttingen. Lower Saxony is also home to the Harz Mountains, which offer a contrast to the otherwise flat terrain. The region's geography supports various industries, including agriculture, manufacturing, and tourism.