Frederick II of Hohenstaufen was a Holy Roman Emperor who reigned from 1220 to 1250. Born in 1194, he was the son of Henry VI and Constance of Sicily. Frederick was known for his efforts to consolidate power in Italy and his unique approach to governance, which included promoting cultural and scientific advancements. Frederick II was also a patron of the arts and education, establishing the University of Naples. His reign was marked by conflicts with the papacy and various Italian city-states, leading to a complex legacy that influenced European politics and culture for centuries.