The Fatimid Empire was a major Islamic caliphate that existed from 909 to 1171 CE. It originated in North Africa and expanded to include parts of the Middle East, particularly Egypt, where its capital, Cairo, was established. The empire was known for its unique interpretation of Islam, claiming descent from Fatimah, the daughter of the Prophet Muhammad. The Fatimids were notable for their advancements in trade, culture, and science. They established a thriving economy and promoted arts and education, leading to the founding of institutions like the Al-Azhar University. The empire played a significant role in the cultural and political landscape of the medieval Islamic world.