The Ayyubid Dynasty was a Muslim dynasty founded by Saladin in the late 12th century. It emerged in response to the Crusades and is best known for its role in the defense of the Islamic territories against European invaders. The dynasty ruled over parts of the Middle East, including modern-day Egypt, Syria, and Yemen, from 1171 to 1250. The Ayyubids were notable for their military prowess and administrative reforms. They established a network of fortifications and promoted trade and culture, leading to a flourishing of arts and sciences. The dynasty eventually declined due to internal strife and external pressures, paving the way for the rise of the Mamluks.