The Fairbairn steam hammer is a type of industrial hammer that uses steam power to drive a heavy hammer head down onto metal workpieces. Invented by engineer James Fairbairn in the 19th century, it revolutionized metalworking by allowing for the efficient shaping and forging of large metal components. This steam hammer operates by using steam pressure to lift the hammer head, which then falls under gravity to deliver a powerful blow. It is commonly used in foundries and for heavy machinery manufacturing, making it an essential tool in the development of the industrial age.