In 2022, the world continued to grapple with the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic, with many countries experiencing new variants and adjusting their public health measures. Vaccination efforts expanded globally, aiming to increase immunity and reduce severe cases. Additionally, significant geopolitical events occurred, including the Russia-Ukraine conflict, which escalated in February when Russia launched a military invasion of Ukraine. This conflict led to widespread international condemnation and sanctions against Russia, impacting global energy supplies and food security.