European revolutions refer to a series of political upheavals that occurred across Europe, particularly in the 18th and 19th centuries. These revolutions aimed to challenge existing monarchies and promote ideas of democracy, nationalism, and social reform. Notable examples include the French Revolution of 1789, which inspired other movements, and the 1848 Revolutions, where various countries sought to establish more democratic governments. These revolutions often resulted in significant changes in governance and society. The Industrial Revolution also played a role, as economic changes fueled discontent among the working class. Ultimately, these events contributed to the rise of modern nation-states and the spread of revolutionary ideas throughout Europe.