European illuminated manuscripts are handwritten books that feature elaborate decorations, including colorful illustrations and ornate lettering. These manuscripts were primarily created during the Middle Ages, from the 5th to the 15th centuries, and often contained religious texts, such as the Bible or prayer books. The term "illuminated" refers to the use of gold or silver leaf, which made the pages shimmer and appear to glow. The creation of illuminated manuscripts involved skilled artisans known as scribes and illuminators. They used materials like parchment or vellum and natural pigments to produce vibrant colors. Notable examples include the Book of Kells and the Codex Gigas, which showcase the intricate artistry and cultural significance of these historical works.