European calculus refers to the branch of mathematics that deals with the study of change and motion, primarily developed in the 17th century. It encompasses two main concepts: differential calculus, which focuses on rates of change and slopes of curves, and integral calculus, which deals with the accumulation of quantities and areas under curves. The development of calculus is attributed to mathematicians such as Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz, who independently formulated its foundational principles. Their work laid the groundwork for modern mathematics and has applications in various fields, including physics, engineering, and economics.