Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz was a prominent German philosopher and mathematician, known for his contributions to various fields, including calculus and metaphysics. He developed the concept of infinitesimals and is credited with the independent invention of calculus, alongside Isaac Newton. Leibniz's work laid the groundwork for modern mathematics and philosophy, emphasizing the importance of reason and logic. In addition to his mathematical achievements, Leibniz was a polymath who engaged in discussions about the nature of reality and the existence of God. His philosophical ideas, particularly the notion of monads, have influenced many thinkers and continue to be studied today.