English conquest of Ireland
The English conquest of Ireland began in the late 12th century when Henry II of England claimed the island. Over the following centuries, English control expanded through military campaigns, land confiscations, and the establishment of plantations, where English settlers were encouraged to settle in Ireland.
By the 17th century, the English had solidified their dominance, particularly after the Williamite War (1689-1691), which resulted in the defeat of the Irish Catholic forces. This conquest led to significant political, social, and economic changes in Ireland, including the marginalization of the native Irish population and the establishment of Protestant rule.