The English Civil War was a series of conflicts between 1642 and 1651, primarily between the supporters of King Charles I and those of the Parliament. The war arose from disputes over how England should be governed and issues of religious freedom. It led to significant political changes and the temporary overthrow of the monarchy. The conflict resulted in the establishment of the Commonwealth of England under Oliver Cromwell after the execution of Charles I in 1649. The war ended with the restoration of the monarchy in 1660, but it set the stage for future political developments in England, including the Glorious Revolution.