Emphysema is a chronic lung condition that primarily affects the air sacs, or alveoli, in the lungs. It occurs when these air sacs become damaged and lose their elasticity, making it difficult for the lungs to expel air. This leads to shortness of breath and reduced oxygen intake, which can significantly impact daily activities. The most common cause of emphysema is long-term exposure to cigarette smoke, but it can also result from environmental pollutants and genetic factors. Symptoms often develop gradually and may include a persistent cough, wheezing, and fatigue. Early diagnosis and management are essential to improve quality of life.