The Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) was a conflict between the Spanish Empire and the Dutch provinces, primarily driven by the desire for independence from Spanish rule. The war began when the Dutch revolted against the oppressive policies of King Philip II of Spain, including heavy taxation and religious persecution. The conflict saw significant battles and the rise of key figures like William of Orange, who became a leader of the Dutch resistance. Ultimately, the war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Westphalia, which recognized the independence of the Dutch Republic and marked a significant shift in European power dynamics.