The Egyptian civilization emerged around 3100 BCE along the banks of the Nile River in northeastern Africa. It is known for its remarkable achievements in writing, architecture, and art. The development of hieroglyphics, a complex system of writing, allowed Egyptians to record their history and culture. The civilization is famous for its monumental structures, including the Pyramids of Giza and the Sphinx. The pharaohs, who were considered both kings and gods, played a central role in society, overseeing religious practices and monumental building projects. This civilization thrived for over three millennia, influencing many cultures that followed.