Early Modern Europe refers to the period from the late 15th century to the late 18th century, marked by significant social, political, and cultural changes. This era saw the rise of nation-states, the spread of the Renaissance, and the beginning of the Age of Exploration, which expanded European influence worldwide. During this time, the Reformation challenged the authority of the Catholic Church, leading to the establishment of various Protestant denominations. Additionally, advancements in science and philosophy, exemplified by figures like Galileo and Descartes, laid the groundwork for the Enlightenment, promoting reason and individualism.