Early Medieval Scotland, spanning roughly from the 5th to the 12th century, was a time of significant change and development. During this period, various tribes and kingdoms, such as the Picts, Scots, and Angles, vied for power and territory. The arrival of Christianity, marked by figures like St. Columba, played a crucial role in unifying these groups and influencing culture and society. The landscape of Scotland was characterized by small kingdoms, including Dal Riata and Alba, which eventually merged to form a more unified nation. Trade and agriculture flourished, while the construction of early churches and monasteries reflected the growing importance of religion. This era laid the foundation for Scotland's future identity and governance.