Early Medieval Europe, often referred to as the Dark Ages, spanned roughly from the 5th to the 10th century. This period followed the fall of the Western Roman Empire and was marked by a decline in urban life, trade, and literacy. Many regions were fragmented into small kingdoms, with local rulers gaining power and influence. During this time, the spread of Christianity played a significant role in shaping society. Monasteries became centers of learning and preservation of knowledge, while the Carolingian Empire, established by Charlemagne, sought to unite much of Western Europe under a Christian banner. This era laid the groundwork for the later development of medieval Europe.