The Carolingian Empire was a significant medieval realm in Western Europe, established by the Frankish leader Charlemagne in the late 8th century. It marked a revival of art, culture, and learning known as the Carolingian Renaissance. The empire expanded through military conquests and strategic alliances, uniting much of modern-day France, Germany, and parts of Italy. At its height, the Carolingian Empire became a powerful political and cultural force, influencing the development of European nations. After Charlemagne's death in 814, the empire faced challenges, leading to its eventual division among his grandsons through the Treaty of Verdun in 843.