The Duke of Ferrara was a title held by the rulers of the city-state of Ferrara in northern Italy. The most notable duke was Ercole I d'Este, who reigned from 1471 to 1505. The dukes were part of the Este family, known for their patronage of the arts and contributions to the Renaissance. The duchy was significant for its cultural and political influence during the Renaissance period. It was a center for artists, writers, and scholars, attracting figures like Ludovico Ariosto and Tiziano Vecellio (Titian). The title of Duke of Ferrara was officially abolished in 1597 when the territory was annexed by the Papal States.