The Duchy of Modena was a historical state in northern Italy, part of the larger region of Emilia-Romagna. It existed from the late Middle Ages until the unification of Italy in the 19th century. The duchy was ruled by the House of Este, a noble family that played a significant role in the politics and culture of the region. The capital of the duchy was the city of Modena, known for its rich history and architectural heritage. The duchy was characterized by its agricultural economy and was famous for producing balsamic vinegar. It became a center of art and culture, attracting artists and intellectuals during the Renaissance.