The Duchy of Palatinate was a historical territory in what is now southwestern Germany. It was part of the larger Holy Roman Empire and played a significant role in European politics during the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. The duchy was known for its influential rulers, particularly the Electors Palatine, who were key figures in the Protestant Reformation. The duchy was established in the 13th century and underwent various territorial changes over the centuries. It was eventually divided into several regions, including the Palatinate-Simmern and Palatinate-Neuburg. The Duchy of Palatinate was formally dissolved in the early 19th century during the Napoleonic Wars.