The Duchy of Ferrara was a historical state in northern Italy, established in the 13th century. It was ruled by the Este family, who played a significant role in the cultural and political life of the region. The duchy was known for its contributions to the Renaissance, particularly in art and music. Ferrara became a center for humanism and was home to notable figures such as the poet Ludovico Ariosto and the painter Cosimo Tura. The duchy was eventually absorbed into the Papal States in the 17th century, marking the end of its independence.