Dr. Mabuse is a fictional character created by German writer Norbert Jacques in the early 20th century. He first appeared in the novel "Dr. Mabuse, der Spieler" in 1921. The character is depicted as a master criminal and a manipulative genius, often using psychological tactics to control others and achieve his goals. The character gained significant popularity through a series of films, particularly those directed by Fritz Lang. These films explore themes of power, madness, and the impact of crime on society. Dr. Mabuse has since become an iconic figure in cinema, representing the archetype of the criminal mastermind.