Dendritic spines are small, protruding structures found on the surface of neurons, particularly on the dendrites. They play a crucial role in synaptic transmission, serving as the sites where synapses form and where communication between neurons occurs. These spines can vary in shape and size, influencing the strength and efficacy of synaptic connections. The presence and density of dendritic spines are important for learning and memory. Changes in the number and morphology of these spines can reflect neural plasticity, which is the brain's ability to adapt and reorganize itself in response to experiences.