D. Pedro II was the second and last Emperor of Brazil, reigning from 1831 to 1889. He ascended to the throne at just five years old after his father, D. Pedro I, abdicated. His reign is noted for significant cultural, economic, and scientific advancements in Brazil, as well as the abolition of slavery in 1888. Despite his popularity, D. Pedro II faced political challenges and was eventually deposed in a military coup in 1889, leading to the establishment of the Republic of Brazil. He spent his later years in exile in Europe, where he died in 1891.