Cytoplasmic inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material found outside the nucleus, primarily in the mitochondria and chloroplasts. Unlike nuclear DNA, which is inherited from both parents, cytoplasmic DNA is usually passed down maternally. This means that offspring inherit their cytoplasmic traits exclusively from their mother. This type of inheritance can affect various traits and functions, such as energy production in cells. For example, mutations in mitochondrial DNA can lead to specific diseases, highlighting the importance of cytoplasmic inheritance in understanding genetic disorders and cellular functions.