Cumhuriyet, meaning "Republic" in Turkish, refers to the form of government established in Turkey on October 29, 1923. It marked the transition from the Ottoman Empire to a modern nation-state, emphasizing principles such as democracy, secularism, and national sovereignty. The founding leader, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, played a crucial role in shaping the new republic's laws and institutions. The establishment of Cumhuriyet aimed to create a society based on equality and citizenship rights. It abolished the monarchy and introduced a parliamentary system, allowing citizens to participate in governance. This period also saw significant reforms in education, law, and women's rights, promoting modernization and progress.