The Cumans were a nomadic Turkic people who lived in the steppes of Eastern Europe and Central Asia during the Middle Ages. They were known for their horse-riding skills and played a significant role in the political landscape of the region, often interacting with neighboring states such as the Kievan Rus and the Byzantine Empire. In the 12th and 13th centuries, the Cumans formed a confederation and established a powerful presence in the area. They were involved in various conflicts and alliances, including with the Mongols, who eventually contributed to their decline. The Cumans left a lasting impact on the cultures and societies of Eastern Europe.