The history of the Congo is marked by its rich cultural heritage and complex political landscape. The region was home to several powerful kingdoms, such as the Kongo and Luba, before European colonization in the late 19th century. The Belgian Congo was established in 1908, leading to significant exploitation of resources and severe human rights abuses. After gaining independence in 1960, the Congo faced political instability, including the assassination of its first Prime Minister, Patrice Lumumba. The country was later ruled by Mobutu Sese Seko for over three decades, resulting in widespread corruption and economic decline. Civil wars in the late 1990s further complicated the nation's recovery.