African history is rich and diverse, spanning thousands of years and encompassing various cultures, kingdoms, and civilizations. Notable ancient civilizations include the Egyptians, known for their pyramids and hieroglyphics, and the Kingdom of Mali, famous for its wealth and trade in gold. Throughout history, Africa has experienced significant events such as the Transatlantic Slave Trade, which forcibly displaced millions, and the rise of colonialism in the 19th century. Many African nations gained independence in the mid-20th century, leading to the establishment of new governments and the ongoing struggle for development and stability.