Congenital malformations are structural abnormalities that occur during fetal development, leading to physical differences at birth. These can affect various parts of the body, including the heart, limbs, and brain. The causes can be genetic, environmental, or a combination of both, and they can vary in severity from minor to life-threatening. Common examples of congenital malformations include cleft lip, spina bifida, and congenital heart defects. Early diagnosis and intervention can improve outcomes for affected individuals. Treatment options may include surgery, therapy, or ongoing medical care, depending on the specific condition and its impact on health and development.