Colonial Peru refers to the period from the Spanish conquest in the 16th century until Peru's independence in the early 19th century. The Spanish, led by Francisco Pizarro, overthrew the Inca Empire and established a colonial government. This era saw the introduction of European culture, religion, and economic systems, significantly impacting the indigenous population. During colonial rule, Lima became the capital and a major administrative center. The economy was primarily based on mining, especially silver from Potosí, and agriculture. The Spanish imposed their language and customs, leading to a complex society that blended indigenous and European influences.