Colonial Africa refers to the period from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century when European powers, such as Britain, France, and Belgium, established control over large parts of the African continent. This era was marked by the scramble for Africa, where countries competed to claim territories, often disregarding existing African societies and cultures. During colonial rule, European nations exploited Africa's natural resources and imposed new political and economic systems. This led to significant changes in local governance, social structures, and economies, often resulting in resistance movements and eventual struggles for independence in the mid-20th century.