Cilician Armenia was a medieval Armenian state located in the region of Cilicia, in southern Turkey. It emerged in the late 11th century after the fall of the Armenian Kingdom of Ani and became a refuge for Armenians fleeing from invasions. The kingdom flourished through trade and alliances, particularly with Crusader states. The capital of Cilician Armenia was Tarsus, and the kingdom reached its peak in the 12th and 13th centuries. It was known for its cultural achievements and strong military. Cilician Armenia eventually fell to the Mamluks in the late 14th century, marking the end of its independence.