The "Christian Reconquista" refers to the period in the Iberian Peninsula, from the 8th to the 15th century, when Christian kingdoms sought to reclaim territory from Muslim rule. This effort began after the Umayyad Caliphate invaded in 711, leading to the establishment of various Al-Andalus territories. The Reconquista culminated in 1492 with the capture of Granada, the last Muslim stronghold, by the Catholic Monarchs, Ferdinand II of Aragon and Isabella I of Castile. The Reconquista was marked by a series of military campaigns, alliances, and cultural exchanges. It played a significant role in shaping the identity of modern Spain and Portugal, as well as influencing the spread of Christianity in the region. The end of the Reconquista also coincided with the beginning of the Age of Exploration, as the newly unified kingdoms sought to expand their influence beyond Europe.