Chilean history began with the indigenous peoples, such as the Mapuche and Aymara, who inhabited the region for thousands of years. In 1541, the Spanish conquistador Pedro de Valdivia founded Santiago, marking the start of colonial rule. Chile gained independence from Spain in 1818, led by figures like Bernardo O'Higgins and José de San Martín. In the 20th century, Chile experienced significant political changes, including the election of socialist president Salvador Allende in 1970. His government was overthrown in a military coup in 1973, leading to a dictatorship under Augusto Pinochet. Chile returned to democracy in 1990, paving the way for modern political and social developments.