A cellular automaton is a mathematical model used to simulate complex systems through simple rules. It consists of a grid of cells, each of which can be in a finite number of states, such as "on" or "off." The state of each cell changes based on the states of its neighboring cells according to predefined rules, allowing for the emergence of intricate patterns over time. One of the most famous examples of a cellular automaton is Conway's Game of Life, created by mathematician John Conway. In this game, cells on a two-dimensional grid evolve through generations, demonstrating how simple interactions can lead to complex behaviors, such as growth, decay, and oscillation.