Catalan history dates back to the early Middle Ages when the region was part of the Carolingian Empire. The Count of Barcelona emerged as a significant local authority, leading to the formation of the Crown of Aragon in the 12th century. Catalonia flourished as a maritime power, engaging in trade across the Mediterranean. In the 18th century, the War of Spanish Succession led to the loss of Catalonia's autonomy, culminating in the Decrees of Nueva Planta in 1716. Throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, Catalonia experienced industrial growth and a cultural renaissance, known as the Renaixença, while also facing political repression during the Franco dictatorship.