A cartographic projection is a method used to represent the curved surface of the Earth on a flat map. Since the Earth is a three-dimensional sphere, projecting it onto a two-dimensional surface inevitably distorts some aspects, such as area, shape, distance, or direction. Different projections serve various purposes, depending on the needs of the map user. Common types of projections include the Mercator projection, which preserves angles but distorts size, and the Robinson projection, which aims for a more visually appealing balance of distortion. Understanding these projections helps users interpret maps accurately and choose the right one for their specific needs.