Camshaft timing refers to the precise alignment of the camshaft in relation to the crankshaft in an internal combustion engine. This timing is crucial because it determines when the engine's valves open and close during the combustion cycle, affecting engine performance, efficiency, and emissions. Proper camshaft timing ensures that the engine operates smoothly and efficiently. If the timing is off, it can lead to issues such as reduced power, poor fuel economy, and increased wear on engine components. Adjustments to camshaft timing can be made using various methods, including timing belts or chains.