Calibration techniques are methods used to ensure that measuring instruments provide accurate and reliable readings. This process involves comparing the instrument's measurements against a known standard or reference. Common techniques include standardization, where instruments are adjusted to match a reference value, and cross-validation, which checks the consistency of measurements across different instruments. Another important technique is point calibration, where specific points on the measurement scale are tested and adjusted. Additionally, multivariate calibration uses statistical methods to analyze multiple variables simultaneously, improving accuracy in complex measurements. These techniques are essential in fields like metrology and quality control to maintain measurement integrity.