Byzantine agriculture was the backbone of the economy in the Byzantine Empire, which lasted from the 4th to the 15th century. Farmers primarily cultivated grains like wheat and barley, along with fruits, vegetables, and olives. The use of crop rotation and irrigation techniques helped improve yields and sustain the land. Livestock farming was also important, with sheep, goats, and cattle providing meat, milk, and wool. The Byzantine government supported agriculture through land grants and tax incentives, ensuring food security for the population. This agricultural foundation contributed to the empire's stability and prosperity throughout its history.