The Benin Empire was a powerful kingdom located in present-day Nigeria, flourishing from the 13th to the 19th century. It was known for its advanced political structure, skilled artisans, and rich cultural heritage, particularly in bronze and ivory sculptures. The empire's capital, Benin City, was a major center of trade and governance. The Benin Empire engaged in extensive trade with European nations, exchanging goods like pepper, ivory, and textiles. Its society was organized around a monarchy, with the Oba (king) holding significant authority. The empire declined in the late 19th century due to British colonization, culminating in the punitive expedition of 1897.