Barbarism refers to a state of society characterized by a lack of culture, civilization, or refinement. It often implies a rejection of established norms and values, leading to behaviors considered primitive or violent. Historically, the term has been used to describe societies that were viewed as uncivilized by more advanced cultures. The concept of barbarism is often contrasted with civilization, which represents organized societies with complex social structures, laws, and cultural achievements. In literature and philosophy, barbarism can also symbolize a return to a more instinctual or primal state, raising questions about the nature of humanity and societal progress.