The Ayyubid dynasty was a Muslim dynasty founded by Saladin in the late 12th century. It emerged in response to the Crusades and is best known for its role in the battles against the Crusader states in the Levant. The dynasty ruled over parts of modern-day Egypt, Syria, Yemen, and Iraq, promoting Islamic culture and architecture. The Ayyubids were notable for their military prowess and administrative reforms. They established a network of fortifications and cities, including the famous Citadel of Cairo. The dynasty lasted until the mid-13th century, when it gradually fell to the Mamluks and other powers.