The Army Alpha and Army Beta tests were intelligence assessments developed during World War I to evaluate the cognitive abilities of military recruits. The Army Alpha test was designed for literate individuals and included tasks like analogies and arithmetic problems, while the Army Beta test catered to illiterate or non-English speaking recruits, using non-verbal tasks such as picture completion and mazes. These tests aimed to classify soldiers based on their mental capabilities, helping the military assign appropriate roles. The results influenced how the U.S. Army organized its personnel and contributed to the development of modern psychological testing methods.