Anti-colonial movements refer to the efforts by colonized peoples to resist and overthrow colonial rule imposed by foreign powers. These movements emerged in various regions, including Africa, Asia, and the Americas, during the 19th and 20th centuries. They aimed to achieve political independence, cultural revival, and social justice, often leading to significant changes in governance and national identity. Key figures in these movements included leaders like Mahatma Gandhi in India and Kwame Nkrumah in Ghana, who advocated for nonviolent resistance and self-determination. The movements were often fueled by a desire to reclaim land, resources, and cultural heritage, ultimately contributing to the decolonization process that reshaped global politics.